Thursday, October 27, 2011

Sweeney Among The Nightingales by: T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)

        APENECK Sweeney spreads his knees
        Letting his arms hang down to laugh,
        The zebra stripes along his jaw
        Swelling to maculate giraffe.
        
        The circles of the stormy moon
        Slide westward toward the River Plate,
        Death and the Raven drift above
        And Sweeney guards the horned gate.
        
        Gloomy Orion and the Dog
        Are veiled; and hushed the shrunken seas;
        The person in the Spanish cape
        Tries to sit on Sweeney's knees
        
        Slips and pulls the table cloth
        Overturns a coffee-cup,
        Reorganized upon the floor
        She yawns and draws a stocking up;
        
        The silent man in mocha brown
        Sprawls at the window-sill and gapes;
        The waiter brings in oranges
        Bananas figs and hothouse grapes;
        
        The silent vertebrate in brown
        Contracts and concentrates, withdraws;
        Rachel née Rabinovitch
        Tears at the grapes with murderous paws;
        
        She and the lady in the cape
        Are suspect, thought to be in league;
        Therefore the man with heavy eyes
        Declines the gambit, shows fatigue,
        
        Leaves the room and reappears
        Outside the window, leaning in,
        Branches of wistaria
        Circumscribe a golden grin;
        
        The host with someone indistinct
        Converses at the door apart,
        The nightingales are singing near
        The Convent of the Sacred Heart,
        
        And sang within the bloody wood
        When Agamemnon cried aloud,
        And let their liquid droppings fall
        To stain the stiff dishonoured shroud.

Wednesday, October 26, 2011

THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK by: T.S. Eliot (1888-1965)


      
       LET us go then, you and I,
        When the evening is spread out against the sky
        Like a patient etherized upon a table;
        Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,
        The muttering retreats
        Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels
        And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:
        Streets that follow like a tedious argument
        Of insidious intent
        To lead you to an overwhelming question ...
        Oh, do not ask, "What is it?"
        
        Let us go and make our visit.
        In the room the women come and go
        Talking of Michelangelo.
        
        The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,
        The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes,
        Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,
        Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,
        Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,
        Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,
        And seeing that it was a soft October night,
        Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.
        
        And indeed there will be time
        For the yellow smoke that slides along the street,
        Rubbing its back upon the window-panes;
        There will be time, there will be time
        To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet;
        There will be time to murder and create,
        And time for all the works and days of hands
        That lift and drop a question on your plate;
        Time for you and time for me,
        And time yet for a hundred indecisions,
        And for a hundred visions and revisions,
        Before the taking of a toast and tea.
        
        In the room the women come and go
        Talking of Michelangelo.
        
        And indeed there will be time
        To wonder, "Do I dare?" and, "Do I dare?"
        Time to turn back and descend the stair,
        With a bald spot in the middle of my hair--
        (They will say: 'How his hair is growing thin!")
        My morning coat, my collar mounting firmly to the chin,
        My necktie rich and modest, but asserted by a simple pin--
        (They will say: "But how his arms and legs are thin!")
        Do I dare
        Disturb the universe?
        In a minute there is time
        For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.
        
        For I have known them all already, known them all:
        Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,
        I have measured out my life with coffee spoons;
        I know the voices dying with a dying fall
        Beneath the music from a farther room.
        So how should I presume?
        
        And I have known the eyes already, known them all--
        The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase,
        And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,
        When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall,
        Then how should I begin
        To spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways?
        And how should I presume?
        
        And I have known the arms already, known them all--
        Arms that are braceleted and white and bare
        (But in the lamplight, downed with light brown hair!)
        Is it perfume from a dress
        That makes me so digress?
        Arms that lie along a table, or wrap about a shawl.
        And should I then presume?
        And how should I begin?
        
        Shall I say, I have gone at dusk through narrow streets
        And watched the smoke that rises from the pipes
        Of lonely men in shirt-sleeves, leaning out of windows? ...
        
        I should have been a pair of ragged claws
        Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.
        
        * * *
        
        And the afternoon, the evening, sleeps so peacefully!
        Smoothed by long fingers,
        Asleep ... tired ... or it malingers,
        Stretched on the floor, here beside you and me.
        Should I, after tea and cakes and ices,
        Have the strength to force the moment to its crisis?
        But though I have wept and fasted, wept and prayed,
        Though I have seen my head (grown slightly bald) brought in upon a platter,
        I am no prophet--and here's no great matter;
        I have seen the moment of my greatness flicker,
        And I have seen the eternal Footman hold my coat, and snicker,
        And in short, I was afraid.
        
        And would it have been worth it, after all,
        After the cups, the marmalade, the tea,
        Among the porcelain, among some talk of you and me,
        Would it have been worth while,
        To have bitten off the matter with a smile,
        To have squeezed the universe into a ball
        To roll it towards some overwhelming question,
        To say: "I am Lazarus, come from the dead,
        Come back to tell you all, I shall tell you all"--
        If one, settling a pillow by her head
        Should say: "That is not what I meant at all;
        That is not it, at all."
        
        And would it have been worth it, after all,
        Would it have been worth while,
        After the sunsets and the dooryards and the sprinkled streets,
        After the novels, after the teacups, after the skirts that trail along the floor--
        And this, and so much more?--
        It is impossible to say just what I mean!
        But as if a magic lantern threw the nerves in patterns on a screen:
        Would it have been worth while
        If one, settling a pillow or throwing off a shawl,
        And turning toward the window, should say:
        "That is not it at all,
        That is not what I meant, at all."
        
        No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be;
        Am an attendant lord, one that will do
        To swell a progress, start a scene or two,
        Advise the prince; no doubt, an easy tool,
        Deferential, glad to be of use,
        Politic, cautious, and meticulous;
        Full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse;
        At times, indeed, almost ridiculous--
        Almost, at times, the Fool.
        
        I grow old ... I grow old ...
        I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled.
        
        Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach?
        I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach.
        I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each.
        
        I do not think that they will sing to me.
        
        I have seen them riding seaward on the waves
        Combing the white hair of the waves blown back
        When the wind blows the water white and black.
        We have lingered in the chambers of the sea
        By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown
        Till human voices wake us, and we drown.

Tuesday, October 25, 2011

William Congreve and His Works

William Congreve is one of the known English poets and dramatists of the Restoration period. William Congreve was born on January 24, 1670 in Bardsey, West Yorkshire, England. He studied at Trinity College in Dublin where he met Jonathan Swift. Congreve had a strong attraction towards drama, poetry, literature and the fashionable life that also engulfed the other writer of this age. He wrote comic plays, including The Old Bachelor (1693), Love for Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700). The Old Bachelor is a perfect amalgamation of farce, satire, and Jonsonian comdedy of hurmours which gives an impression of the combination of the Elizabethan and Restoration dramatic framewrok. The witty dialogue and new twist to marriage by the inclusion of lust and amorous elements in the play reflect the obsession of restoration dramatists to mock the middle class and prevailing customs. Love for Love is a new addition to his work without much diversion and focus on the Jonsonian comedy of humours rather comedy of manners. In the play, the protogonist searches new methods to avoid his creditors and to bring back the fortune he has lost. Another main agenda of his efforts to win the love of his mistress. Besides, Love for Love is called the most satirical plays of Congreve.
Congreve coined another famous phrase in Love for Love (1695).
"O fie, miss, you must not kiss and tell."The Way of the World contains almost all the standard situations of the restoration period such as the witty dialogue, amorousness, lust, mockery of social structure, adulteries, and all the usual tension between desire and reputation. His plays could be categorized showing unscrupulous selfishness and the cruel dishonesties vogued at both the social and family levels.

Sunday, October 23, 2011

Drama Under the Restoration Period

Restoration period started in 1660 with the accession of Charles II on English throne after the submission of the Puritan government that assumed the control in 1642. With the restoration, the reaction against manner and moral are inevitable. It was all the more voilent owing to the return of Cavaliers who had spent their exile in France. As the Cavaliers return to England, they bring with themselves the French wit and French gallentry. The king, Charles II, was himself indolent sensualist possessed wit. Charles II encouraged an atmosphere of hedonistic loneliness at court. Charles II set the tone for the court wit, if not for all the literature of the period at least certain segment of it, notably dramatic comedy. The amoral wit and hedonism were professed by restoration wit. There was no connection of restoration wit with real life. Besides, the Puritan government stopped the performance of play in September 1642, but there was an occassional surreptitious performances at various theatre after the passing of ordinance of supression. Therefore, it could be said that English theatre had no existence between 1642 and 1660. With the restoration, the theatre was re-established. It was a different theatre playing to different audience. The modern theatre with its movable secenary designed to create a visual image of locale of each scene and artifical light. The audience of the restoration was different and had strong affinity with the geographical and social parameter. The restoration period also represented stylization of deliberatly cultivated upper class ethos. The break with the Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre was not as sharp as it seems. There was a great influence of Ben Jonson on the playwrights of this period, particularly the adoption of comedy of humour that attached with moral values. The first accomplished follower of Jonson tradition in his plays during the restoration age was Sir George Etherage. Francis Beaumont and Fletcher, who began the process of aerating of Jonson with more flippant kind of wit and a less moral tone. The other playwrights who contributed significantly were William Wychearly and William Congreve. Dryden also wrote play for the court but he failed to achieve the same reputation as other playwrights did. During the restoration period, the genre of drama headed towards the decadence and prose gradually gaining acceptance among the people with the emergence of pamphelts.

Saturday, October 22, 2011

'Indian English Literature'

According a news published in Times of India on September 18, 2011, National-level English Poetry Festival, organized for the first time in Kerala. The festival emphasized on the need to promote Indian English Literature. Nearly 26 papers on Indian English poets and their writings were presented at the two-day festival held at St Theresa's College. The idea behind the encourgement of Indian English literature emphasized the fact the post colonial literature taking lead and catching the attention of people across the world. Writers writing in English have not only crafted a separate identity of themselves, but also gave a new direction to english with the inclusion of vermacular language and hydrization of orthodox language. The Common Wealth Literature with which most of literature of third world countries on which the britishers had ruled take forward the colonial past. This colonial past offshots in vernaculization of English that encapsulates words of regional language and adding of suffix in the form of "Hain Na" with the final point of each sentemce. People often make continous forms of words that do not hold such essence in original like My head is paining. However, this is not the distortion of the English but enrichment of it through cultural emboidment and regional language intrusion.

Thursday, October 20, 2011

Background Information of T S Eliot

Thomas Stearns Eliot was born on September 26, 1888 to a renowned family known for its philanthropic activities in St. Louis, Missouri, particularly his grandfathers contribution for the academic development in the region. His grandfather has helped in the establishment of Utilitarianism school and university in the region. His father Henry Ware Eliot was a successful businessman and mother Charlotte Champe Stearns was a social worker which was a new profession in the early 20th century. Between1898 and 1905, T S Eliot went to Smith Academy, where his studies included Latin, Ancient Greek, French, and German. He began to write poetry when he was 14 years old. Eliot also attended Milton Academy in Massachusetts for a preparatory year. He studied philosophy at Harvard from 1906 to 1909 in order to earn his bachelor's degree after three years, instead of the usual four. Eliot completed his graduation within in three years instead of four years and utilized one year to prepare for Master Degree. In 1908, Eliot discovered Arthur Symons's The Symbolist Movement in Literature. This introduced him to Jules Laforgue, Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine. T S Eliot has started writing poetry at a very early age, but the collection which assisted him to give recognition in literary world was Prufrock and Other Observation wherein his poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock exhibit his own personality and alienation to women owning to age. His poem The Waste Land is said to have been the initial point of modernism that refuted the Victorian concept of orthodox homic world. T S Eliot also tried his hand of critical writing wherein his famous essays include - Tradition and Individual Talent, Hamlet, and The Metaphysical Poets. He also contributed significantly to literary criticism. His teachers, Geroge Santayana and Irving Babbit, encouraged him to search for spiritual relief and therefore, he moved towards oriental philosphy, particularly Hindu Upnishads and Budhnism. The glimpses of Hindu Upnishads could be seen in his most well-known poem The Waste Land which ends with Datta Dayadhvam, Damyata Shanntih, Shantih, Shantih.

Monday, October 17, 2011

Analysis of Conversation Structure

The study of language occurs at the three levels - sound, word and syntax. These three
levels are interrelated. The study of language from the bottom level includes the combination of different
morphemes lead to the formation of words. The placing of words in appropriate order to give
them grammatical cohesion create a meaningful sentence. These sentences collectively form
conversation carried out by people. With the development of linguistic theories and extensive
research in the field of semantics to study the word meaning and their relationship between signs
and symbol, some discourse analysts voiced the need to go beyond the analysis of sounds,
words, sentences, and include the analysis of conversation to understand the language at the
fundamental level.



Bharati College Celebrated ‘Antradrishti’ – A Program for Disable Students

Amidst these difficult times of covid pandemic, Bharati College has been working to provide its students with all kinds of facilities that e...